The 40th
independent infantry brigade's “Shahid Chamran” garrison is either located in Ardabil, or Sarab, which are adjacent cities in northwestern Iran. It is possible that they are deployed in both locations, though the available literature is inconclusive.
On one hand, some media sources refer to the Brigade's location in Ardabil, quoting civilian officials who have called for its garrison to be relocated in order to ease urban development. (IRNA, 02/2012) Furthermore, the Army has resisted these calls, saying that the city's residents prefer the garrison's presence. (FNA, 04/2010) Lastly, the Army's 199th Infantry Battalion participated in the city's 2014 Sacred Defense Week Parade, a unit which has been associated with the 40th Brigade in the past.
On the other hand, an interview with the brigade's commander in 2014 seems to unequivocally state that the brigade is based in Sarab, not Ardabil:
On one hand, some media sources refer to the Brigade's location in Ardabil, quoting civilian officials who have called for its garrison to be relocated in order to ease urban development. (IRNA, 02/2012) Furthermore, the Army has resisted these calls, saying that the city's residents prefer the garrison's presence. (FNA, 04/2010) Lastly, the Army's 199th Infantry Battalion participated in the city's 2014 Sacred Defense Week Parade, a unit which has been associated with the 40th Brigade in the past.
199th Bn, Ardabil |
On the other hand, an interview with the brigade's commander in 2014 seems to unequivocally state that the brigade is based in Sarab, not Ardabil:
The commander of the Army's 40th Brigade, said on the eve of Army Day: Despite there being rumors of 40th Brigade's (Sarab) transfer to Ardabil, we formally declare not only that no units from this brigade have been transferred to Ardabil, but we are currently expanding the brigade [in Sarab].
Col. Mokhtarifar … said: The 40th Brigade continues to be active in Sarab and its units have also been strengthened.
He added: We are currently holding meetings with the Office of Natural Resources to acquire land to the east in order to expand this garrison and strengthen its units. (0431.com, 04/2013)
The following operates under the provisional assumption that the brigade is based in Sarab.
The nearest major
transportation artery is Freeway 2, which runs from Tehran to Tabriz,
connecting the northwest with the nation's core. The garrison itself
is located on Road 16, which links Tabriz and Ardabil.
GEOINT from Google Earth
dates from November 2010 and reveals a much larger compound than the
nearby 36th IAB's, especially in number of barracks (19 vs
4). This may reflect a genuine difference in strength, but may also
be explained by unknown factors (for instance, the 40th
brigade may share the compound with the 4th Brig/21st Div (now, likely, the 421st IIB), which is also based in
Sarab.
The compound is typical of
army infantry brigades, with zones separated into distinct
north-south columns. Mocked-up trenches, and other earthworks for
training can be found to the east, while a column of
automotive/mechanical-type buildings can be found to the west. In
between is a parade ground, and a column of barracks, and a column of
secondary garrison structures like classrooms and mess halls. Only
soft-skinned vehicles are visible in the small motor pools, though
this includes a handful of earth-moving equipment, including
three-five bucket loaders, and one crane or excavator.
Photos from the 2013 Army
Day parade portray a cross-section of the brigade's small-unit
organization. Assuming the formations seen on parade reflect actual
organization, several observations can be made. Rifle companies are
58-men strong, a number which includes a four-man headquarters.
Company commanders tend to be 1st lieutenants, or
captains, while the deputy-commander and other company-level staff
are typically 1st, 2nd, or 3rd
lieutenants, or sargent-majors (aka warrant officers). The rifle
company includes six RPG-7s, six MG3s, and six radios, and 36
rifleman, though sometimes 60 mm mortars are included in one form or
another. It's noteworthy that this is practically identical to the
observed organization of Basij rifle companies. Furthermoe, small-arm
subtype appears standardized at this level, for example, fixed vs
collapsible-stock G3 rifles.
Assuming an intuitive
distribution of this equipment, this would translate to two RPG/MG3s,
one radio, and 12 rifleman per platoon (assuming the three remaining
radios are held at the HQ), for a total of 17 personnel/plt. This, in
turn, suggests two squads per platoon, with six rifleman, and one MG3
and RPG-7 each. It's unclear what the platoon HQ would look like,
though it's likely the radio operator would function as the assistant
platoon leader. Given a company is generally commanded by a junior
officer, platoon command may fall to enlisted personnel.
Assuming this is an accurate
picture of small-unit organization, one can conclude that light
infantry companies are, by themselves, weak relative to other
company-level organizations. The main culprit for this is the
under-strength platoon, with it's two, rather than three or more
squads. This is compounded by the lack of a company-level weapons
unit such as an ATGM platoon, as well as the lack of organic
mechanized transport and fire support from something like even a
BTR-60 or M113. That being said, given that companies tend to be
commanded by junior officers, keeping platoons (and thus, the burden
on their enlisted decision-makers) small may be a good idea. In this
manner, a 17-man platoon commanded by a sergeant isn't much different
from a 13-man squad commanded by a corporal.
The lack of the usual
support weaponry found at the infantry company level puts the burden
of combat (e.g. anti-tank) support at a higher level. One of these
levels is the motorized anti-tank battalion. One formation seen on
parade was as strong as a rifle company (54+3+1 personnel), but was
armed entirely with RPGs. One explanation for this is that we are
seeing a dismounted motorcycle battalion, which would correspond to
the 27-bike organization observed elsewhere (three companies of 9
bikes each, with a two-man crew per bike).
Also visible within the
parade were smaller infantry forces outfitted in cold-weather gear,
and ghillie suits, as well as soldiers equipped for
chemical-protection and mine-clearance. Interestingly, one soldier
wore crossed-saber branch-insignia on his collar, a symbol which is
typically associated with cavalry forces. This may represent a
reconnaissance, or other mounted force. Given that a separate
insignia exists for the armored forces (a tank superimposed over
crossed-sabers), it might imply a light cavalry force. This, in turn,
may represent a legacy of British influence on the Iranian army.
Visible on the periphery of the parade were a pair of D-30 towed
guns. Given deployment patterns in other brigades, it is reasonable
to assume a battalion of them provide brigade-level artillery
support.
Works Cited
Sorry if you've covered this on another posty but I was wondering if the mosaic plan was also being operated by the IRGC?
ReplyDeleteGreetings Anonymous
ReplyDeleteYou actually have the two services switched. The Mosaic doctrine is IRGC-exclusive. Unfortunatly, I don't know the name of the Army ground-forces doctrine, but I feel that the Samen Alaeme reorganization plan likely reflects their doctrine and/or concept-of-operations, so I've been using it as a placeholder for their 'official' doctrine.
Interestingly, it's very similar to the Mosaic doctrine in some ways. For instance, the switch from divisions to brigades by the Army mirrors the Mosaic Doctrine's description of an in-depth, layered defence, with significant organic and autonomous operational capability. These are both attempts to achieve organizational-superiority (or at least parity) in the face of Western ways of war that are geared towards victory by information/kill-chain dominance.
On a somewhat related note, the discussion of the U.S's AirSea Battle operational-concept that is clearly oriented towards those challenges posed by China and Iran perfectly descibe this "western way of war", and the battle over information and the 'kill-chain' (or OODA loop). For example, there's a May 16 article from Foreign Policy by Adm, Jonathan Greenert, and Gen. Mark Welsh, called "Breaking the Kill-Chain".
If there's one thing that the 1991 Gulf War, the 1999 WTO protests in Seattle, the resilience of Al Qaeda over the past decade, the McChrystal hunter-killer teams in Baghdad, and the swarming of insurgent groups in Syria have taught me, it's that he who controls the image/representation of the battlefield wins. It's all about disrupting or protecting organizational networks, and their ability to observe the battlefield, decise a course of action, and then act on it.
I apologize for the really late comment...
ReplyDeleteI know you mention the brigade maybe or has been in Ardabil. On Google Earth you can see a garrison at 38°14’04’’N 048°16’48’’E do you think this maybe the 40th and the 421st is at Sarab?
Do you think it can be another unit? Any ideas…
Unfortunately, I still cant offer a definitive answer.
ReplyDeleteIn the most recent Sacred Defense Week Parade, the parade in Ardabil featured the 199th Infantry Bn, which is associated with the 40th Brigade (or at least it was during the Iran-Iraq War). Additionally, that garrison your coordinates correspond to is certainly an Army garrison (as opposed to IRGC ground forces).
One possibility is that the brigade is garrisoned in separate detachments. When I originally wrote this piece, I wasn't aware of this being a somewhat-common occurance, but since then I've noticed it in a handful of cases. Off the top of my head, this includes several battalions from the 230th (?) brigade stationed in Gonbad-e Kavus, and at least two bns from the 116th brigade stationed alongside the Navy's commando training school north of the brigade's primary garrison (I updated my article on the 16th AD with this info if you're curious).
I might go back and take another look at the article about the garrison's rumored transfer I mentioned in the first paragraph, and see if I cant coax some additional meaning out of it now that I can read Persian a bit better.